Jurnal Global Lokal

India's Hydro-hegemony over Bangladesh in the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty (2019-2024)

Naila Fahsya Anindhiya — 2026-06-29

Transboundary rivers often become a space for interaction and tension between countries due to water distribution, geographical position, and management capacity that are not always balanced. In the context of the Ganges River, the relationship between India as the upstream country and Bangladesh as the downstream country shows complex dynamics. The development and operation of infrastructure in the upstream region, including flow regulation through the Farakka Barrage, has a direct impact on water availability in the downstream region. Although both countries are bound by the 1996 Ganges Agreement and formally engage in water sharing cooperation, questions arise as to the extent to which this cooperation takes place within an equal power structure, especially when one party has greater control over infrastructure, hydrological data, and technological capacity. This study aims to analyze the hegemony in the management of the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh using the Hydro-hegemony framework developed by Mark Zeitoun and Jeroen Warner. The approach used is qualitative through document analysis of bilateral agreements, official government reports, and secondary data on the material and institutional capacities of both countries. The analysis focuses on power asymmetry, sources of power, water resource control strategies, and the outcomes. The results of the study show that material inequality, control over upstream infrastructure, and institutional designs that do not create shared control place India in a dominant position in the river management structure. Cooperation continues and is relatively stable, but it exists within an asymmetrical power configuration. Based on analysis of all theoretical components, this relationship represents a form of hydro-hegemony that is maintained through structural superiority and institutional authority without overt coercion.

Diaspora Diplomacy by IISMA Awardees in the UK in 2021-2023

Bimo Adi Farhanuh — 2026-06-29

Globalization has broadened the diplomatic arena to include non-state actors, with diaspora being one of them. International students, as an educational diaspora, posses a unique potential as diplomatic agents, especially those intentionally formed and sent by the state, such as the awardees of the Indonesian International Student Mobility Awards (IISMA). This research aims to who are these awardees of IISMA and their effort to run for diplomacy, also to describe how the IISMA’s awardees fulfill the diaspora diplomacy in the UK during the 2021-2023 period. This research is conducted under the qualitative approach using the methods of digital content analysis (netnography) and using a combined method of digital content analysis (netnography) and in-depth interviews with awardee representatives.. The analysis is framed by the concpetual framework of Alina Dolea (2024), which views diaspora diplomacy as an “assemblage” mediated by emotions through four pillars: Identity and emotional ties, The role of digital media, Diaspora as a category of practice, Emotion as mediator. The findings indicate that IISMA awardees practice diaspora diplomacy through two channels: a formal channel via mandatory IISMA Challenges focusing on cultural promotion, and an informal channel through daily academic and social interactions. Digital media serves a vital role as a space for activity mobilization and identity negotiation as connected migrants. A crucial finding of this research is that these diplomatic practices are not solely driven by state mandates but are strongly mediated by the awardees' personal emotions, such as pride, a moral sense of obligation toward the state, and a genuine desire to improve Indonesia's image abroad.

International Political Economy in Global Production Management: A Case Study of Amazon’s Strategies for Innovation, Efficiency, and Adaptation in the Digital Age

Ahmad Alim Hudzaifah — 2026-06-29

The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally transformed global production systems, compelling multinational corporations to continuously innovate, improve operational efficiency, and adapt to increasingly dynamic market conditions. This study analyzes Amazon's global production and operations management strategy from the perspective of International Political Economy (IPE), emphasizing three key dimensions efficiency, innovation, and digital adaptation. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach with a single case study design, the research relies on document analysis from company reports, academic literature, and industry publications. The findings indicate that Amazon's competitive advantage is driven by integrated logistics management, extensive utilization of artificial intelligence and automation, and continuous business model innovation through platform diversification, cloud computing, and digital services. From an International Political Economy perspective, Amazon represents not only a multinational corporation but also a dominant digital platform that increasingly shapes global value chains, data governance, and international trade structures. The study argues that Amazon's operational excellence simultaneously creates opportunities for productivity growth while reinforcing the concentration of digital economic power among a limited number of global actors. These findings provide important implications for developing countries, including Indonesia, in designing strategies to strengthen competitiveness while maintaining economic sovereignty within the evolving digital economy.

KESENJANGAN ANTARA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN PENGURANGAN KEMISKINAN DI TANZANIA: TINJAUAN MELALUI PENDEKATAN PRO-POOR TOURISM

Icha Nabila — 2026-06-29

Tourism is one of the strategic sectors that significantly contributes to Tanzania's economic growth through increased foreign exchange earnings, job creation, and the development of supporting sectors. However, this economic contribution has not been accompanied by a significant reduction in poverty. This study aims to analyze the gap between tourism-driven economic growth and poverty reduction in Tanzania through the Pro-Poor Tourism approach. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method based on a literature review. The findings indicate that the economic growth generated by the tourism sector has not been fully inclusive, as its benefits remain concentrated among groups with greater capital, skills, and access to the tourism industry. The Pro-Poor Tourism approach suggests that poverty reduction requires stronger involvement of local communities in the tourism value chain, the reduction of economic leakage, and the development of community-based tourism. Therefore, tourism development in Tanzania should be directed not only toward promoting economic growth but also toward ensuring a more equitable distribution of economic benefits across society.

ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS IN SHAPING SAUDI ARABIA’S STANCE ON THE POSTPONEMENT OF NORMALIZATION WITH ISRAEL, 2020—2025

Rahma Aini — 2026-06-29

The postponement of normalization between Saudi Arabia and Israel during 2020–2025 is noteworthy because, despite the regional normalization trend initiated by the Abraham Accords, Saudi Arabia chose to delay normalization even though it could gain strategic benefits, including stronger security cooperation, support for Vision 2030, and economic and technological partnerships. This study aims to explain how domestic and international factors interacted in shaping Saudi Arabia’s decision. Using an exploratory qualitative approach, this research applies the Two-Level Game theory and relies on secondary data. The findings show that domestic factors played a more decisive role in delaying normalization. These factors include the preferences of the royal elite, the need to maintain Saudi Arabia’s legitimacy as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the Palestinian issue, and public opposition to normalization without meaningful progress toward a Palestinian settlement. At the international level, Saudi Arabia faced incentives from the United States and Israel, concerns over Iran’s regional influence, and opportunities for security, economic, and technological cooperation. However, these incentives were unable to overcome domestic constraints. The study also demonstrates that the interaction between domestic and international pressures shaped Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy choices. Domestic considerations narrowed the government’s win-set, making postponement a strategy to balance international interests with domestic demands rather than a permanent rejection of normalization.

CORPORATE DIPLOMACY OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN ENTERING THE INDONESIAN MARKET: A CASE STUDY OF APPLE INC.

Ririn Pebianti — 2026-06-30

This study examines the practice of corporate diplomacy carried out by Apple Inc. in maintaining market access and business sustainability in Indonesia amid government regulatory pressures, particularly the Domestic Component Level (TKDN) policy. Indonesia has become one of the largest digital markets in Southeast Asia with significant potential for Apple; however, the company faces several challenges, including investment obligations, TKDN certification barriers, and restrictions on iPhone product marketing in Indonesia. research employs a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection was conducted through document studies using official company reports, government regulations, national and international media reports, and other relevant secondary sources. The study applies theoretical triangulation by combining the perspectives of International Political Economy (IPE), David Baron’s Strategic Nonmarket Participation, as well as Corporate Diplomacy and the DIPLOM framework proposed by Witold J. Henisz to analyze the relationship between Apple and the Indonesian government. The findings indicate that Apple does not merely rely on its global brand power and market strategies to maintain its position in Indonesia. Instead, the company carries out various corporate diplomacy activities through investment adjustments, political engagement with the government, social approaches through the Apple Developer Academy, and the strengthening of corporate social legitimacy. These activities are conducted to maintain market access, build long-term relations with the Indonesian government, and adjust the company’s global business interests to Indonesia’s domestic policies. This study demonstrates that corporate diplomacy has become an important strategy for multinational corporations in dealing with regulations in developing countries and maintaining business sustainability in global markets.

GLOBAL NORTH - SOUTH RELATIONS TOWARDS THE E-WASTE CRISIS IN GHANA

Rehana Saskia — 2026-06-30

Global electronic waste (e-waste) flows reveal an unequal or asymmetrical relationship between countries in the Global North and countries in the Global South. Ghana is one of the main destinations for e-waste from Europe and America, even though its contribution to global e-waste production is relatively small. This study aims to analyze how the Global North–Global South relationship is reflected in the practice of e-waste disposal in Ghana and to examine the resulting social, economic, and environmental impacts.
This study uses a qualitative approach with literature review and document analysis methods. The results show that the flow of e-waste to Ghana is influenced by global economic inequality, differences in waste management costs, and weak implementation of environmental regulations in the destination country. Through the perspective of Environmental Justice, this study shows that the e-waste crisis in Ghana is a form of structural environmental injustice. Global North countries reap economic benefits, while the environmental and social impacts are borne by Global South countries. This study emphasizes that the issue of e-waste cannot be separated from global power relations and international environmental justice issues.